Tuesday, August 23, 2011

DNA - Chromosomes

Mutations:

1) XYY - Supermale
Characteristics:
Y carries androgen, will be naturally more aggressive, violent

2) XXY - Klinefelter

3) XXX - Superfemale
Characteristics:
Extra X is suppressed.

4) XO - Turner

Notes:
No 4 chromosomes. Body naturally aborts.
All mutations have IQ less than normal.
The older you are, the higher chance of mutation.

Will the offspring of people with mutations also have mutations?
Most of the people with mutations will not be able to give birth.

Saturday, August 20, 2011

Blood Identification Practical: Test 3

The 3rd test was the Kastle-Meyer Reagent (Reduced phenolphthalein kept in alkaline solution in the presence of zinc) test. Oxidation with haemoglobin and hydrogen peroxide will cause the colourless Kastle-Meyer Reagent to turn pink.

After adding Kastle-Meyer Reagent. Sample 4 is on the right, Sample 5 left.

It is observed that the centre of Sample 4 turns pink.



TADA. Sample 4 is the blood sample! Case closed.

Blood Identification Practical: Test 2

Test 2 was the luminol test. The iron present in blood catalyzes the chemical reaction that leads to the luminescence of the blood.


The one on the left is Sample 5, the one of the right is Sample 6 and of course the one at the top is Sample 4.

As you can see in the photo, Sample 4 glowed the brightest, but Sample 6 also glowed for a brief period of time. Sample 5 did not glow.

After adding the luminol. The luminol test narrowed down the possible samples of blood to Samples 4 & 6.

Friday, August 19, 2011

Blood Identification Practical: Test 1

Yesterday, we had a blood identification practical, in which we were given 6 substances to test. The substances provided were chili sauce, tomato sauce, fruit juice, dyes and real blood. The tests we used were 1. the hydrogen peroxide test, 2. the luminol test and 3. the kastle-meyer reagent test.These are the 6 substances, labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Actually, just by the appearance of the substances, we are able to eliminate some as possible blood samples. Sample 1 is actually very pink and looks like a dye, Sample 2 smells like tomato juice, Sample 3 is tinged orange, like some kind of syrup, Sample 4...looks like blood, Sample 5 looks like a purple dye and Sample 6 is quite diluted and particles are suspended in the liquid, much like watermelon juice.
After adding the hydrogen peroxide. I forgot to take a before, oops. The picture isn't very clear but Samples 4, 5 and 6 are bubbling at different degrees, and as such test positive for catalase. Sample 4 is the most bubbly followed by 5 and 6.


This is sample 4. After adding the hydrogen peroxide, it resembled foam.


This is Sample 5. It foamed for a short while and then became like this. It was purple before and became brown after adding hydrogen peroxide.

This is substance 6. It did not react until about 5 minutes later, when bubbles appeared within the liquid.


This is Janelle and Biqing's hydrogen peroxide test. They were experimenting with mixing two samples together and adding a large amount of hydrogen peroxide.

This actually looks good enough to eat, which is a little disturbing when you know that it might be blood (this is Samples 4 and 6 combined, if I'm not wrong.)





Monday, August 15, 2011

DNA;

Blood splatter patterns -- HOW it happened
Analysis of blood and other fluids -- WHO did it

Sources of DNA:
- Sweat
- Skin,
- Blood,
- Tissue,
- Mucus,
- Ear Wax,
- Saliva,
- Urine,
- Hair
- Semen
- Fingernails
etc.

The power of DNA evidence lies in statistics.

1. From cells to chromosomes to DNA and traits
2. Karyotyping
3. DNA Extraction
4. DNA Fingerprinting

DNA consists of C, T, A, G, phosphates and sugar